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Harmonization: The wording of a particular phrase or sentence was sometimes altered to reflect the wording of another similar but more familiar one. These notes sometimes found their way into the actual text of the manuscript.ġ. Assimilation of marginalia: Some manuscripts contained notes or glosses in the margins from earlier scribes. This is another type of error related to faulty memory.Ħ. Transposition of words: Sometimes scribes would unintentionally reorder a string of words, especially if the sense of the phrase remained virtually the same.
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Prepositions like ἐκ and ἀπό, or conjunctions like ὅτι and διότι are some examples of synonyms which mistakenly get replaced.ĥ. Word substitions: Errors could also occur when scribes trying to retain a line in their memory accidentally replaced some words with close synonyms.
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5:1 where the manuscript evidence is quite equally divided between ἔχομεν and ἔχωμεν.Ĥ. One excellent example of this confusion can be found in Rom. This is evident in many biblical papyri as scribes who relied on hearing often mixed up similar sounding diphthongs and vowels of that period. The blog post “Papyrus as Evidence of Linguistic Change,” has already presented some of the changes in pronunciation that occured in the Greek language over time which often resulted in spelling variations. Confusing similar sounding letters: Sometimes scribes would write from dictation or would read the words aloud to themselves while copying. The scribe of the Codex Bezae has gone even further by skipping from the end of the first sentence of verse 19 to the end of verse 20 which also ends with ἐν τῇ βασιλείᾳ τῶν οὐρανῶν.ģ. Thus, the scribe of the Codex Sinaiticus has accidentally omitted everything from the first occurrence to the end of the verse. One example of haplography resulting from homoeoteleuton can be found in Matt. They frequently occur when a word, phrase, or line begins with a similar string of letters (homoeoarcton) or ends with a similar string of letters (homoeoteleuton), causing the eyes to skip forward or backward. Dittography and haplography: These terms describe errors that result in repeating text or omitting text. For instance, a tau followed by an iota (ΤΙ) could end up looking like a pi (Π) a lambda followed by an iota (ΛΙ) could look like a nu (Ν).Ģ. Sometimes two letters written closely together were mistaken for one letter. For example, the round letters epsilon (ϵ), theta (Θ), omicron (Ο), and sigma (Ϲ) all have similar shapes.Īlpha (Α), delta (Δ), and lambda (Λ) all have triangular shapes and were sometimes confused. Confusing similarly shaped letters: Some letters in the Greek alphabet were easy to confuse when handwritten. The following is a list of common types of scribal errors one may encounter in these manuscripts:ġ. Since extant manuscripts of biblical texts, specifically the New Testament, exist in such a great number, they are a good place to look for scribal errors. By examining the different manuscripts of a particular passage, textual critics are able to discern the common errors. Since the reproduction of manuscripts in the ancient world required individual hand copying by scribes, the transmission of texts was often liable to corruption.